Rights to anonymity in cyber crime - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1556 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Cyber Security Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION It is undeniable that in cyber world, everyone is able to create a number of personalities that no one could distinguish whether an identity is reliable or not; or, even leave a hole to cyber crimes to carry on internet frauds using different fake identities. Consequently, this circumstance might lead to much confusion and burden in terms of transparency and accountability in social networking. Recently, although some countries and online social networking services such as Facebook and Twitter have tried to have a new regulation of identity verification to avoid potential trouble[1], they still have to face with a bunch of objection from Internet citizens. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Rights to anonymity in cyber crime" essay for you Create order What is the reason for their opposition? The answer is despite the proposal of Network real-name system to minimize the negative effects that can be caused by anonymity[2], a lot of Internet users believe that it is their right to register an identity with fake information will protect their private information better. This point of view becomes a reason of a long-lasting conflict between the identity verification and the right to anonymity. Within the scope of this research paper, our group would like to discuss about these two online identity verification systems by analyzing the advantage and disadvantage of them regard to different legal aspects. Eventually, we will come to a conclusion which one is better to ensure either the security of the cyber world and reasonable right of users or how to balance these two policies to strengthen the cyber law system. Key Words: Social Networking, Transparency, Accountability, Identity Verification, Right of Anonymity, cyber world, cybe r crime. General concept of transparency and accountability in social networking, the identity verification and right to anonymity. Necessity of Transparency and Accountability in social networking Social networking refers to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the practice of expanding the number of ones business and/or social contacts by making connections through individualsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [3]; more precisely, it is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the activity of sharing information and communicating with groups of people using the internet, especially through websites that are specially designed for this purposeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [4]. In a social network, no one could know each other well and it is quite easy to commit a cyber crime or infringement due to share an illegal material without the permission of the author or conduct a fake transaction. In these cases, who will be accountable for the wrong-doing actions and how to recognize him among the cyber identities. To deal with those questions, the definition of accountability and transparency comes first. Accountability is being responsible for someone for actions taken; about being able to explain, clarify and justify actions[5]. For example, the court has a right to know and hold A to account; and that A has a duty to explain and account for his actions. Transparency is about being easy to understand, and being open, frank and honest in all communications, transactions and operations[6]. It is possible to be accountable by providing a lengthy and technical explanation of every detail[7]; however, if this information is not clarified enough for the court and related parties, and if key facts are hidden by the sheer volume of information then the information is not presented in a transparent form. It could be said that the accountability and transparency may go hand-in-hand[8] in social networking because transparency is a necessary part of accountability, but as defined above it is not the same as accountability. For instance, in case the court decides to hold a cyber entity accountable for a copyright infringement, it must find out information about that these cyber identities, actions (transparency), but then the court must go to the further step of accountability will get involve to more than just information. It may need action by the courts to hold whether the questioned cyber entity accountable. Thus, transparency seems to be a first component of accountability[9]. In general, the relationship and process of transparency and accountability in social networking is quite complicated that comes to the result of the urgent need to have the Identity Verification system, which can help the court less burden when dealing with cyber world problems. Identity Verification system in cyberspace According to Prof. Aaron P. Smith, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“cyber identityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , also called digital identity, refers to an identity that is established, through participation and decision making, by a user in a digital community, or cyberspace[10]. However, until now there is no generic system for identification in cyberspace[11]. Nowadays, almost websites require the users to sign up with any private information such as name, date of birth, addressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and even the bank account in any commercial transaction that make users find it inconvenient and insecure to disclose information[12], which lead to the tendency of using a pseudonym instead and no one could know about it. They call it as a means of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“safetyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Nevertheless, in case their rights and proper benefit are breached or facing to the cyber identity theft, it is impossible for the users who provide fake information to sue a claim or guarantee their reasonable rights. Hence, it play s an important part to have the Identity Verification systems not only for websites to reduce the risks of cyber crimes but also for Internet users to protect themselves. Based on the proposal to have an Internet real-name system, a number of nations tried to put it into practice. South Korea is the vanguard to implement this system under the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Real Name Verification Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [13]. After that, China passed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the Decision on Improving Network Information Protectionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [14]. Swiss also issued Convention on Cyber Crime so as to have network regulation more concerted and be able to effectively prevent cyber crimes[15]. Although this system has enforced for a long time, the implementation and effect contain several gaps among countries (will be discussed precisely in the following part). One of the biggest problems arising from the objection of some Internet users would prefer the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Right of Anonymityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  in cyber w orld. Right of Anonymity in cyber world à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [16] Anonymity is derived from the Greek word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“anonymiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , meaning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“without a nameà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , in the common usage it refers to the state of an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personal identity, or personally identifiable information, being publicly unknown[17]. In the modern world of the information society, anonymity is defined as an aspect of informational privacy[18]. Anonymity is also considered as a part of social interaction; that means reducing the disclosure of your identity to certain persons or certain areas of social life and society. It is true that all of web browses leave some vestige of personal information through the huge storage cached in Internet; all these information represents us in the cyberspace and it led to greater support for anonymity appearance[19]. However, as mentioned above, some try to abuse this right to commit crimes on cyber world; thus, in order to establish better monitoring of the Internet and protect the cyber security, certainly it has been observed the high demand of anonymity on the web, but the anonymity is a concept that raising fear in our mind since someone would take illegal actions and cyber crimes. This consideration would meet strong arguments from the Internet participants who support of the human right as freedom of speech and censorship avoidance[20]. Thus, between Identity Verification and Right of Anonymity, which one is better to protect either the security of the cyber world and reasonable right of users? How to balance these two systems? What is the recommendation to strengthen the current cyber law system relating to these on-going arguments? The answer is based on the comparison between the two policies in different legal aspect as below. [1] Adrianne Jeffries 2012, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Facebooks fake-name fight grows as users skirt the rulesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , available at https://www.theverge.com/2012/9/17/3322436/facebook-fake-name-pseudonym-middle-name, last visited on 11 October 2014. [2] Park Dong-yeol 2012, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Real-names or False-names? How to Best Enforce Internet Etiquetteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , The UOS Times, available at https://times.uos.ac.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=1371, last visited on 11 October 2014. [3] Margaret Rouse, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Social networkingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , available at https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/social-networking, last visited on 11 October 2014. [4] Cambridge Dictionary Online, available at https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/business-english/social-networking, last visited on 11 October 2014. [5]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Defining Accountability and Transparency Key Principlesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (para 1), available at https://www.institute-of-fundraising.org.uk /guidance/code-of-fundraising-practice/guidance/accountability-and-transparency-guidance/defining-accountability-and-transparency-and-key-principles/, last visited on 11 October 2014. [6] Id, para 2. [7] Id,. [8] Id,. [9] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ICTs for Government Transparencyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , https://www.egov4dev.org/transparency/definitions.shtml,last visited on 11 October 2014. [10] Aaron P. Smith, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Real Vs. Fake: Identity Creation in Cyberspaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Published by ProQuest Information and Learning Company, 2008. p.6. [11] Hal Abelson and Lawrence Lessig, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Digital Identity in Cyberspaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , White Paper Submitted for 6.805/Law of Cyberspace: Social Protocols, 10 December 1998, p.1. [12] Nabeth and Thierry, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Understanding the Identity Concept in the Context of Digital Social Environmentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , FIDIS Deliverables (FIDIS) 2 (2), May 2006, p.74à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"91 [13] Song Guangxing and Yang P ingfang, The Influence of Network Real-name System on the Management of Internet Public Opinion, Public Administration In The Time Of Regional Change (ICPM 2013), 2013, p.48,49. [14] in the 30th session of the Standing Committee of the 11th National Peoples Congress [15] Id, note 13 [16] The European Convention of Human Rights Art.8(1). [17] Dirk Voorhoof, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Internet and the right of anonymityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , in J. SURCULIJA (ed.), Proceedings of the conference Regulating the Internet, Belgrade, 2010, p.2. [18] Id,. [19] Pierluigi Paganini, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The right to anonymity on Internet and legal implicationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , available at https://securityaffairs.co/wordpress/6452/intelligence/the-right-to-anonymity-on-internet-and-legal-implications.html, last visited on 12 Oct, 2014 [20] Id,.

The Black Civil Rights Movement Essay - 1088 Words

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International Relations for MacDonald Framework- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theInternational Relations for MacDonald Framework. Answer: Code of Ethics: An important characteristics for any profession is the need for its members to agree with the code of ethics. The code of professional conduct can be regarded as the part of the present case study. A huge amount of corporations and several smaller companies have code of ethics together with the range of issues with specific ethical documents (Durkheim 2013). These kinds of documents embody the ethical kinds of commitments of their organization. Joseph must consider the process of issuing ethical dilemma for issuing the ethical considerations. MacDonald Framework: To resolve the ethical dilemma Joseph must consider issuing standard considerations in compliance with the MacDonald framework, which include the following; Tailor made code: In an ideal world, the code of ethics should be custom made to suit the organization. Joseph must differentiate it from the identical documents devised from the other firms. Getting the employees involved: Joseph being the person that is involved in providing guidance to the code of ethics (Brinkman and Carter 2017). Assuming that the organization is too large everyone that is involved must consider selecting representatives from various departments or various business units. The document is bound to be more meaningful as this will help Joseph in discovering higher level of acceptance given that the employees are the part of the process. Consulting the key stakeholders: For Joseph it is recommended to consult the key stakeholders such as local community groups as to what Joseph should include in the code of ethics. This will help in revealing the important external constituencies as the companys vital obligations and this will enable Josehp in making sure that the code issued deals with full range of issues that is intended to be confronted in the organizations. Be clear about scope: Joseph code must make it clear the person regulating the code of ethics. The code of ethics must make it evidently clear that it takes into the considerations from the mailroom through the meeting room (Leicester 2016). The code of ethics might be accepted by the lower level of employees and might not take it very seriously therefore senior managers might either bound by it or take it lightly. Joseph must introduce the implementation of code of ethics as the part of ACS framework. It is the responsibility of Joseph in maintaining and progressing the admiration and competence of being professional. The code of ethics should to strive to promote superiority for those that are impacted by the work. (Yeaman 2015). The code of ethics should look to enhance the professional development in order to increase the competency in the organization with the ability to competently and diligently enhance the competence of the employees. Implementing the ACS code of ethics will help Joseph in enhancing the integrity of the society along with the respective members. This code of ethics is relevant for all the ACS members notwithstanding the role or appropriate area of the proficiency in the ICT industry. It is worth mentioning that the code of professional ethics emphasises on individual consultant and it proposes to make accessible guidelines available for the suitable code of professional conduct. Reference List: Durkheim, E., 2013.Professional ethics and civic morals. Routledge. Yeaman, A.R., 2015. Professional ethics.TechTrends,59(4), pp.10-11. Leicester, N., 2016. Ethics in the IT Profession: Does a Code of Ethics have an Effect on Professional Behaviour?. Brinkman, B. and Carter, K., 2017, March. The ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct: Teaching Strategies and the Coming Update. InProceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education(pp. 721-721). ACM.